Reaction paper 2 Free Essay Example, 750 words

Part 2 The usefulness of the term â€Å"patriarchy† for understanding gender relations Walby describes patriarchy as the husband’s control over hisproperty, and the woman’s subservience to him negates her having her own property, and her exclusion from paid work is the mechanism by which she remains under his control. The term â€Å"patriarchy† connotes the domineering role of men over women. Ostensibly, patriarchy is the means by which women were subjugated into roles of childbearer and child rearers. Bradley (date) admits that many contemporary marital unions are described as companionate rather than patriarchal, but still asserts that family life is still largely androcentric (p. 152). Even in Asian cultures, patriarchy enforces gender inequality. Afshar and Agarwal (1989) classify the Tamil society as strongly patriarchal, with the father’s dominance expressed in the family values and behaviour patterns of his wife and children (p. 182). Division of labour related to constructions of gender Bradley states that the capitalist relations are gender-stratified. Gender construction being intimately related to the physical differences between men and women, the women’s role of childbearer and, thereafter, child rearer, confined their perceived capacities to be nurturers and, as such, responsible for the care of the family and for meeting their needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction paper 2 or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Thus, work is segregated according to gender in line with preconceived notions of what skills are classified as â€Å"male† and which â€Å"female†. In Afshar and Agarwal (1989), sexual division of labor was seen to play a strong reinforcing force confirming the primacy of men and submission of women. Women in Tamil society may work as tea-pluckers, rubber-tappers or coconut plantation workers, but they were still responsible for attending to the needs of the family. Household work is taken over by the daughters as they grew up, as it is considered the purview of women since cooking, cleaning, laundry and caring for the children was considered â€Å"natural† for women (p. 183 ) Significance of class for analysing gender Class appears not to be closely related to gender discrimination in the minds of American students (Chancer we are acutely aware that class plays a decisive role in social relations†(p. 78). Thus, it is not that class is not significant to the understanding of the gender divide, but that class is anathema to the social psyche of Americans, because the idea that certain advantages are attendant to those born rich, and disadvantages to those born poor, is not acceptable to the highly individualistic American consciousness. It is different in the context of a country that acknowledges a strong distinction between the classes, such as the Sri Lankan caste system, reinforced by religious beliefs. Afshar and Agarwal (1989) point out that the values of caste ascribe to women an inferior status to that of men. Materialist approaches to gender and its limitations Walby (date) depicts the importance of labour power and the income produced thereform. The husband, she explains, is in control of his labour power for which reason he exercises control over the material fruits of his labour. On the other hand, the wife is seen as rendering labour subservient to the husband in his home, for which she is not paid and is therefore not in control of the fruits of her labour. Afshar and Agarwal (1989) relate conditions of wealth and poverty to gender differences, insofar as Tamil women have no control over the family resources. Nevertheless, it is noticed that in south India, women of higher caste were less outspoken and forthright than women of lower class. Because of their greater finesse, they had less control over their material resources. On the other hand, lower-caste women would be less schooled in the niceties of social graces, and because they tend to nag their husbands more, they are able to force their husband to relinquish some measure of control over the material resources, allowing the wife to exercise some discretion particularly where the needs of the household have to be met. From the ideological viewpoint, it is a further limitation that the Marxist approach is very simplistic and linear, in the sense that it describes certain phenomena according to the rise of other factors, and vice-versa, a fact that constricts the explanation of such phenomena. Furthermore, it supports the materialist conditions that gave rise to ideologies, the converse of which could likewise possibly be true. In this matter, the approach proves itself by nature to be deterministic and generalizing. Conclusion In the study of gender inequality, the concepts of patriarchy, materialism, and division of labour play significant roles, although class distinctions may or may not be helpful depending upon the social attitude towards social stratifications into classes or castes. Additionally, and more importantly, the connotation of patriarchy is of such breadth that it encompasses and is encompassed by other concepts as well. These other concepts, which include race, class, ethnicity and sexuality, may interchangeably overlap with gender. Finally, materialist approaches are likewise significant, because they imply power relations and structures that themselves give rise to other power relations.

Gender Inequality Between Women And Men - 1445 Words

In academia, gender may contribute to one’s treatment in secondary and tertiary erudition. Gender plays a role in the inequality between women and men in the educational field resulting in wage gaps, sexual harassment, and underrepresentation. Others claim that these conditions are not based on gender, but on the individual’s circumstances. Throughout this research, women and men alike can grasp a more understanding approach to the differences in treatment in academe. Because inequality results in inequitable opportunities, wage gaps are evident among the genders—even in university circles. The amalgamation of scholarship, instruction, and service that generally defines the academic job honors scholarship significantly over the other facets of the profession; however, women are more regularly pressed into additional teaching and service obligations. Even within broad categories consisting of instruction, service, and scholarship, women’s work is systematic ally belittled (Hart 877). Owing to the fact that women are universally paid less than men, females have to work harder than their male counterparts to get the same amount of pay. This is said to be a result of systematic sexism and patriarchy. Gender inequity in higher education begins with segregation and stratification—the arrangement of one in a hierarchical order. There are significantly fewer women than men in the occupation and it remains the case that women are generally steered into lower status as well as lowerShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality Between Men And Women1255 Words   |  6 PagesHowever feminism maintains that women are treated in an unfair ways. Social gender roles lead to various forms of inequality and disparity between men and women, which in relation to the socio economic, political and cultural ideologies plays a negative role in girls (Asley 2014) .While some societies, defend gender differences based on their cultural norms and religious beliefs , this tends to restrict women physical and mental space.†Across social classes girls tends to have less physical mobilityRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women1094 Words   |  5 PagesWomen always have to face the gender equality, in any country. There will always be some problem regarding the topic gender inequality between men and women was socially constructed and has existed for only about 6000 years (page no.293). From thousand years ago, the society characterised by patriarchy. A system in which power is in the hands of men and many aspects of women’s life controlled by men. However, 20th century started to change everything and we saw lots of change even now. Society beganRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women908 Words   |  4 Pagesand â€Å"gender† synonymously, it’s important to recognize the difference between the two. In West and Zimmerman’s article, â€Å"Doing Gender,† they make this distinction. Sex is defined as â€Å"biology: anatomy, hormones, and physiology,† and gender is â€Å"an achieved status: that which is constructed through psychological, cultural, and social means† (West and Zimmerman; 125). Michael Kimmel, the author of The Gendered Society and a sociologist at Stony Brook University in New York, further defines gender as â€Å"[referring]Read MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women996 Words   |  4 Pagesvery well. In Source A, States Attack the Pay Gay Between Men and Women by Teresa Wiltz, she writes about her experience at a company and how she is still paid less than a new employee. Source B consists of Laura Finley giving scenarios to back up her opinions on why the gender pay gap is a myth in Differences in Pay Rates Between Men and Women do not Prove the Existence of Gender Inequality. Both sources give valid points about the wage gap The gender wage gap issue is prevalent in many families acrossRead MoreThe Inequality Between Men And Women Based Solely On Gender1025 Words   |  5 Pagesthe inequality between men and women based solely on gender. This dilemma is one that occurs across every continent and has been the subject of many riots, protests, and discussions since the early centuries. Gender inequality can happen in any setting, time, and place. However, gender inequality is highly likely inside the workplace. Many employers discriminate against woman and sometimes then do not even know that what they are saying or doing is considered discrimination. Gender inequality in theRead MoreGender Inequality : An Ordinal Hierarchy Between Men And Women2498 Words   |  10 PagesGender equality has always been a prominent and complex subject in society, ‘a hotly contested concept [as] the precise meaning remains subject to continuous change and, as a result, to political struggle’, (Ridgeway, 2011: P reface). Ridgeway (2011: 3) defines gender inequality as ‘an ordinal hierarchy between men and women in material resources, power, and status’. Despite the considerable progress that has been made over the past decades, ‘a pattern of gender hierarchy has remained in which menRead MoreGender Differences And Gender Inequality1717 Words   |  7 Pages Gender differences and gender inequality are sometimes used interchangeably but do not refer to the same thing. The two concepts are common in gender literature; however, they are not uniform across different cultures based on the degree of conservative attitudes present. The significant differences between sexes and used as arguments against equal rights primarily against women’s rights. Hence, the gender issue has continually been created in light of the standard views or conceptions ofRead MoreGender Inequality Within A Competitive Athletic Workplace870 Words   |  4 PagesDecember 9, 2015 Gender Inequality What are the types of gender inequality in this world? Inequality is when there are two things that are not the same. For example, antonyms, they are when two objects don t have similar qualities. This means there are differences between the two. It can be beneficial or very discriminating. The definition for gender inequality is the unequal treatment, or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. Gender inequality is between the male and femaleRead MoreInequality is a Fact of Life and Yet Condemned as an Offense to Civilized Society1253 Words   |  5 PagesInequality is presumed to be a fact of life and condemned as an offence to civilised society. The debates associated with inequality have changed over time and have been portrayed in different contexts. Inequalities can be distinguished in terms of whether they are inequalities of opportunity, inequalities of outcome, inequalities of access or inequalities in entitlement (Platt 2011). Inequality is also different iated as to whether they are just or unjust, avoidable or unavoidable, or naturally orRead MoreGender Inequality : Today s Society Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Gender inequality has become an ongrowing issue in today’s society. This issue begun in early history and has grown over time. In early days it simply began as women not being able to vote or not being able to work. This has improved over time and now women have gained those rights, but there are still inequalities in today’s society between genders. When most people think of gender inequality they automatically think of women. Men have also started to become victims of gender inequality.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Question: Discuss about the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Answer: Introduction Asia is the most populous and diverse continent of the world and with continuous socioeconomic development with the enhanced control over the communicable diseases, it is evident that the life expectancy in all the countries of Asia has remarkably increased. The risk of cancer increases with age and also with increasing urbanization, changing lifestyles and obesity changed the cancer pattern and increased the cancer burden in the Asian countries (Shen et al. 2013). Asia is known to be the home for half of the poorest population of the world and this act as a determinant as cancer is associated with both higher and lower socioeconomic conditions which contribute to the cancer burden and pattern in Asia. Despite the burden that is growing on the continent, the priority of healthcare expenditure and planning in most of the Asian countries is low (Pourhoseingholi 2012). This assignment will be on the topic An investigation into cancer rates in Asian countries, the causes, consequences an d preventative measures and will provide an extensive literature review along with the statistical data and their key significance. It is believed that the rates of cancer progression in the Asian countries are growing that has to be studied to know the consequences of the growth and the applicable preventive measures. Rates of Cancer in Asian Countries Asia is a continent with diverse cultures and the variations lie in socio-cultural traditions and practices, social norms, ethnicity and dietary customs. These factors are well reflected in the burdens and patterns of cancer in the different regions of the continent. Kimman et al. (2012) conducted a research work to reveal the most recent data available on the rates and burden of cancer prevailing in the ASEAN region. The researchers estimated that about 500,000 cases of cancer deaths and 700,000 new cases of the dreaded disease are reported every year and the majority of them include lung, liver and breast cancer. About 4 million females and 3.6 million males are living with cancer in the countries of Asia and the median age of cancer occurrence has been from 19 years to 44 years. A similar study was carried out by Park et al. (2016) to demonstrate the incidence of colorectal cancer in five countries of Asia and observed that the trend is increasing in the Asian countries chiefly due to the increased rate of colon cancer and not due to rectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is recognized as the fourth most occurring cancer in the continent of Asia and was found to be the highest among the men of Korea (51.39%) and lowest among the women of Israel (26.60%). From a different perspective, the argument was continued by Zhang et al. (2011) as they carried out a research work to examine and determine the incidence of prostate cancer among the Asian men. The authors found that the mortality to incidence, mortality and incidence rates of cancer in Asian men was found to be 0.44, 59,643 and 7.2 cases per 105 per year respectively. However, Chang et al. (2014) studied the intensity of hospital spending and the outcomes of cancer in the Asian countries which was a combined argument to both the previous studies. The authors found that the hospital spending index which was the highest for colorectal cancer with 30.2% and the lowest for prostate cancer with 6.2%. From the reviewed literature, it was hypothesized that the rate of cancer is increasing in Asia and this is evident from the registered new cases and deaths. The strengths of the reviewed consisted of their accuracy of information to exhibit the menace of the disease and the weakness consisted of their validity of findings with the lack of segmentation of the incidence of the individual cancer types. Therefore, it is concluded that the majority of the cancer is among the females that start at the young age of 19 and the hospital spending is mostly on colorectal cancer. Causes of Cancer in Asian Countries The causative factors of cancer in the Asian countries consist of the socio-cultural and lifestyle factors that have caused an increase in the prevalence of breast cancer. Using smokeless tobacco in the southern and southeastern countries has increased the oral cavity cancer rates. Dietary patterns and Helicobacter pylori infection are responsible for the high prevalence of stomach cancer. In this regard, Long et al. (2012) carried out a research work and found that the risk of prostate cancer is associated with diabetes mellitus and since the disease has a high prevalence among the Asian men, it supports the development of prostate cancer. Various factors are associated with the occurrence of diabetes like family history, environmental factors and medication use duration that also affects the occurrence of prostate cancer. Therefore, alteration in any of these factors will also modify the incidence rates. Apart from this, alcohol, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet are also the causative factors of cancer. Ng et al. (2015) carried on with the argument with their research work for determining the relationship that exists between the geographical regions, country income and cancer pattern in Asia and investigate the causes of cancer in the continent. The authors found that the developing countries in Asia are having a rising incidence of cancer primarily due to low fiber diet, obesity and high fat, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, smoking and living a cancer-related lifestyle. However, Kristina, Endarti Thavorncharoensap (2016) narrowed the argument with their research work to attribute the burden of cancer to tobacco smoking in the South Asian countries. The authors found that about 22% of the cancer deaths are due to the smoking of tobacco in the low, middle and high-income countries in Asia. Lin et al. (2013) on a different perspective found that hepatitis B and C virus are the major causes of hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer. Only about 3 5% of the patients survive the long term suffering of liver cancer. The reviewed literature developed the hypothesis that there are several causative factors for the different types of cancer in the Asian countries. The strength of the literature was that they provided a detailed account of the various types of cancer in Asia however, with the limitation of their lack of information about their prevalence among men and women according to their causative factors, apart from prostate and breast cancer. Therefore, it can be concluded that identification of these causative factors can be vital for control of cancer in Asia. Consequences of Cancer in Asian Countries The consequences of cancer can be dreadful for a continent like Asia where there are several developing countries and cancer can further aggravate the poverty. This can be either due to the impact of the disease on the ability of the people to work or due to the cost of managing and treating the illness. In this respect, McCormack and Boffetta (2011) conducted a research work that reflected the consequences of lifestyles that can lead to the development of cancer particularly in the middle and low-income countries of Asia. This population is subjected to disposable income and open markets that make them consume alcohol, tobacco and expose them to more sedentary occupations and lifestyles. This leads to the development of prostrate, breast and colon cancer among the Asians. Kimman et al. (2015) carried on with the argument and stated that cancer could have a deleterious effect on the lives of the Asian people resulting in a financial catastrophe. Poor survival and adverse economic out comes were identified among 75% of the new patients who die within a year due to socioeconomic disadvantages and advance diagnostic stage. Kimman et al. (2012) studied the impact and consequences of cancer on an Asian context and found that the countries that lack an effective and comprehensive system of social health insurance get affected the most. Without these social safety nets, the survival, treatment costs, quality of life of the patients, their households and their economic circumstances all comes under threat. The healthcare expenditure that goes out of pocket usually exceeds 30% of the income of the household leading to economic hardship, psychological distress and illness induced poverty. Mak et al. (2014) carried out a study on a positive note to mark the consequences of cancer which posed work related challenges that are faced by the survivors of cancer. The unintended social consequences have also been discussed by the authors to exhibit the interaction between the cancer survivors and their workplace. From the literature, a hypothesis can be deduced which states that cancer can have its consequences in every aspect of life. The strength of the literature was the detailed investigation of the impact of cancer on the lives of the patient and the weakness of the literature was the lack of information on the medical consequences of cancer management that includes the adverse reactions. Therefore, on the conclusion, it can be stated that the dreadful consequences of cancer not only affects the patient personally but also on a professional scale. Preventive Measures of Cancer in Asian Countries The emerging and existing cancer burden and patterns in the various Asian countries require its political recognition as an important problem of public health. Balanced investment is also essential in the professional and public awareness. To stress more on the preventive measures, D'cruz et al. (2013) conducted a research work to state that the preventive measure of head and neck cancer is largely dependent on the site and stage of the tumor. Appropriate treatment due to early diagnosis is crucial for increasingly the likelihood of survival and cure. From the perspectives of hepatocellular carcinoma, Han et al. (2011) opined that ablation or surgery are the curative therapies for the disease that can prevent its spreading in the body of the Asian patients. Palliative treatment with guidelines and staging systems can be the affective measure along with chemotherapy by hepatic arterial infusion and external radiation. The outcome of the treatment is largely dependent on the size of th e tumor and the preventive measure is dependent on the status of the tumor-like extrahepatic spread and major vessel invasion. Going on with the argument, Monn, Tatem Cheng (2016) found that prostate cancer has adopted an aggressive mode in the Asian men that requires adequate preventive measures. This begins with the screening process with biomarkers and pathological evaluations help in the early identification of cancer which can be adopted as a preventive measure. This can be economically beneficial for the patient and can make the management of the disease more effective and rapid. A further argument was raised by Yeoh et al. (2013) for the prevention of lymphoblastic leukemia with supportive care and risk-directed treatment. Educational programs and social support can improve the substantial outcome of the treatment. For the children and adult, optimum treatment results can be obtained by integrating oncology treatment with palliative treatment. From the reviewed literature, it can be hypothesized that different types of cancers require different preventive measures. The strength of the reviewed literature lies on the fact that various novel preventive measures have been discussed for various types of cancers however, the limitation is that there is a dearth of information on the adaptation of the preventive measures during different stages of cancer. Therefore, it can be concluded by stating that appropriate implementation of the preventive measures is crucial for the effective management of cancer in the Asian context. Conclusion On critically appraising the literature on the research topic of prevalence and control of cancer in Asian countries, it can be stated that several hypotheses arise from the rates, causes, consequences and preventive measures of cancer in Asia. On critical examination, it can be concluded that the mortality rates due to cancer in Asia are increasing with few of cancer having higher prevalence compared to few of the cancers that have a lower proportion of occurrence. The progress has to be checked especially in the developing countries to prevent the spread of the disease and improve the public health of the community with appropriate medical interventions and developed healthcare policies. References Chang, T., Huang, K., Chang, C., Lin, C., Su, Y. Lee, C. 2014, "The association of hospital spending intensity and cancer outcomes: a population-based study in an Asian country",The oncologist,vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 990-998. Chen, R., Ren, S., Yiu, M.K., Fai, N.C., Cheng, W.S., Ian, L.H., Naito, S., Matsuda, T., Kehinde, E., Kural, A. and Chiu, J.Y., 2014. Prostate cancer in Asia: a collaborative report.Asian Journal of Urology,1(1), pp.15-29. D'cruz, A., Lin, T., Anand, A.K., Atmakusuma, D., Calaguas, M.J., Chitapanarux, I., Cho, B.C., Goh, B.C., Guo, Y., Hsieh, W.S., Hu, C., Kwong, D., Lin, J.C., Lou, P.J., Lu, T., Prabhash, K., Sriuranpong, V., Tang, P., Vu, V.V., Wahid, I., Ang, K.K. Chan, A.T. 2013, "Consensus recommendations for management of head and neck cancer in Asian countries: a review of international guidelines",Oral oncology,vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 872. Han, K., Kudo, M., Ye, S., Choi, J.Y., Poon, R.T., Seong, J., Park, J., Ichida, T., Chung, J.W., Chow, P. Cheng, A. 2011, "Asian Consensus Workshop Report: Expert Consensus Guideline for the Management of Intermediate and Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Asia",Oncology,vol. 81, no. s1, pp. 158-164. 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Increased burden of colorectal cancer in Asia.World J Gastrointest Oncol,4(4), pp.68-70. Sankaranarayanan, R., Ramadas, K. and Qiao, Y.L., 2014. Managing the changing burden of cancer in Asia.BMC medicine,12(1), p.1. Shen, L., Shan, Y.S., Hu, H.M., Price, T.J., Sirohi, B., Yeh, K.H., Yang, Y.H., Sano, T., Yang, H.K., Zhang, X. and Park, S.R., 2013. Management of gastric cancer in Asia: resource-stratified guidelines.The lancet oncology,14(12), pp.e535-e547. Sugano, S., 2014. Cross-boundary Cancer Studies at the University of Tokyo: Using Genome Science to Decipher Cancer in Asia.Japanese journal of clinical oncology,44(suppl 1), pp.i17-i21. Xie, S.H. and Lagergren, J., 2016. Time trends in the incidence of oesophageal cancer in Asia: Variations across populations and histological types.Cancer Epidemiology,44, pp.71-76. Yeoh, A.E.J., Tan, D., Li, C., Hori, H., Tse, E., Pui, C. Asian Oncology Summit 2013 2013, "Management of adult and paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in Asia: resource-stratified guidelines from the Asian Oncology Summit 2013",The Lancet. Oncology,vol. 14, no. 12, pp. e508-e523. Zhang, L., Yang, B.X., Zhang, H.T., Wang, J.G., Wang, H.L. and Zhao, X.J., 2011. Prostate cancer: an emerging threat to the health of aging men in Asia.Asian J Androl,13(4), pp.574-578.